• (Eugene) Bertolt (Friedrich) Brecht Biography was born Feb. 10, 1898, Augsburg, Ger.—died Aug. 14, 1956, East Berlin, in his life he was a poet, a playwright, and theatrical reformer whose epic theatre departed from the conventions of theatrical illusion and developed the drama as a social and ideological forum for leftist causes.
• Until 1924 Brecht lived in Bavaria, studied medicine (Munich, 1917–21), and served in an army hospital (1918). This period inspired his first play, Baal (produced 1923); his first success, Trommeln in der Nacht (Kleist Preis, 1922; Drums in the Night); the poems and songs collected as Die Hauspostille (1927; A Manual of Piety, 1966), his first professional production (Edward II, 1924); and his admiration for Wedekind, Rimbaud, Villon, and Kipling. During this period he also developed a violently antibourgeois attitude that reflected his generation's deep disappointment in the civilization that had come crashing down at the end of World War I.
• Among Brecht's friends were members of the Dadaist group, who aimed to destroy what they condemned as the false standards of bourgeois art. The man who taught him the elements of Marxism in the late 1920s was Karl Korsch, an eminent Marxist theoretician who had been a Communist member of the Reichstag but had been expelled from the German Communist Party in 1926. In 1928 Brecht and Kurt Weill, a famous composer, wrote the satirical, successful ballad opera Die Dreigroschenoper (1928; The Threepenny Opera) and the opera Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (1930; Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny). In these years he developed his theory of “epic theatre” and an austere form of irregular verse. He also became a Marxist.
• In 1933 he went into exile—in Scandinavia (1933–41), mainly in Denmark, and then in the United States (1941–47), where he did some film work in Hollywood. In Germany his books were burned and his citizenship was withdrawn. He was cut off from the German theatre; but between 1937 and 1941 he wrote most of his great plays, his major theoretical essays and dialogues, and many of the poems collected as Svendborger Gedichte (1939). The plays of these years became famous in the author's own and other productions: notable among them are Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (1941; Mother Courage and Her Children), Leben des Galilei (1943; The Life of Galileo); Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1943; The Good Woman of Setzuan), Der Aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957; The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui), Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti (1948; Herr Puntila and His Man Matti), and The Caucasian Chalk Circle.
• In 1949 Brecht went to Berlin to help stage Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (with his wife, Helene Weigel, in the title part) at Reinhardt's old Deutsches Theater in the Soviet sector. This led to formation of the Brecht’s own company, the Berliner Ensemble, and to permanent return to Berlin. Henceforward the Ensemble and the staging of his own plays had first claim on Brecht's time. Often suspect in eastern Europe because of his unorthodox aesthetic theories and denigrated or boycotted in the West for his Communist opinions, he yet had a great triumph at the Paris Théâtre des Nations in 1955, and in the same year in Moscow he received a Stalin Peace Prize. He died of a heart attack in East Berlin the following year.
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Epic Theatre:
A form of didactic theatre intended to provoke rational thought rather than to create illusion through loosely connected scenes which are interrupted by alienating or distancing effects to block the emotional responses of the audience members and force them to think objectively about the play. This form of theatre is most often associated with Bertolt Brecht but can also be traced back in roots to German playwright Frank Wedekind, and the German directors Erwin Piscator and Leopold Jessner.
Socialism:
In Marxist theory, the stage of social organization following Capitalism in a society's journey into the inevitable stage of Communism. This theory advocates the vesting of ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., to the community as a whole.
Marxism:
The system of economic and political thought developed by Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, stating that throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class, that class struggle has been the main agency of historical change, and that the capitalist system, containing from the first the seeds of its own decay, will inevitably, after the period of the dictatorship of the proletariat, be superseded by a socialist order before finally manifesting as a classless society.
Didacticism:
The instruction or teaching of a moral lesson. Brecht's plays are often didactic and use contradictions within the characters themselves to showcase a specific point. The term is often used to describe a text which is over-ridden with moral instruction, and can also be used to describe something which is destructive rather than informative.
Dialecticism:
The belief that everything has two sides, and that the way to truth and social peace is through the exploration of values belonging both sides of the social ladder.
Economic Determinism:
The idea that economic structure and changes determine social differentiation and class conflict and therefor shape history. Economic determinism can be translated into man's effort to survive, and succeed.
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